Trong quá trình thực hiện chiến lược toàn cầu từ sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai đến năm 2000, Mỹ đạt được kết quả nào dưới đây?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions:

 Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the man's role to be the breadwinner for the family - providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and womenn- fathers and mothersn- have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the family's current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with “adults” in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees.

 Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focusing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life.

 Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work - family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere - invariably the work sphere - leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work - family conflict with an escalation in conflict, as the number of families increase. 

Question: According to the passage, positive spillover ______________.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: The word “ameliorating” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.         

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: According to the passage, which of the following is one of the goals of new technology in coal-fired plants?             

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: What’s the main idea of the passage ?        

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: The phrase “fit the bill” in paragraph 1 can be replaced by:         

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: In the author’s opinion, the important of coal-generated electricity could increase in the future for which of the following reasons?         

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

Question: Acid rain is mentioned in the passage for which of the following reasons?         

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seem to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the first World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electric produced in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty of the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United Stats by the end of the century.          

Yet, inspite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years (coal represents about 80 percent of the United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contain less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems, along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, has also made such plants less attractive from purely economic perspective.         

Change in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are evoluntary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.

The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ________         

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The rules of etiquette in American restaurants depend upon a number of factors the physical location of the restaurant, e.g., rural or urban; the type of restaurant, e.g., informal or formal; and certain standards that are more universal. In other words, some standards 5 of etiquette vary significantly while other standards apply almost anywhere. Learning the proper etiquette in a particular type of restaurant in a particular area may sometimes require instruction, but more commonly it simply requires sensitivity and experience. For example, while it is acceptable to read a magazine in a coffee shop, it is 10 inappropriate to do the same in a more luxurious setting. And, if you are eating in a very rustic setting it may be fine to tuck your napkin into your shirt, but if you are in a sophisticated urban restaurant this behavior would demonstrate a lack of manners. It is safe to say, however, that in virtually every restaurant it is unacceptable 15 to indiscriminately throw your food on the floor. The conclusion we can most likely draw from the above is that while the types and locations of restaurants determine etiquette appropriate to them, some rules apply to all restaurants. 

Question: What is the author’s main purpose in this passage?         

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions:

The rules of etiquette in American restaurants depend upon a number of factors the physical location of the restaurant, e.g., rural or urban; the type of restaurant, e.g., informal or formal; and certain standards that are more universal. In other words, some standards 5 of etiquette vary significantly while other standards apply almost anywhere. Learning the proper etiquette in a particular type of restaurant in a particular area may sometimes require instruction, but more commonly it simply requires sensitivity and experience. For example, while it is acceptable to read a magazine in a coffee shop, it is 10 inappropriate to do the same in a more luxurious setting. And, if you are eating in a very rustic setting it may be fine to tuck your napkin into your shirt, but if you are in a sophisticated urban restaurant this behavior would demonstrate a lack of manners. It is safe to say, however, that in virtually every restaurant it is unacceptable 15 to indiscriminately throw your food on the floor. The conclusion we can most likely draw from the above is that while the types and locations of restaurants determine etiquette appropriate to them, some rules apply to all restaurants. 

Question: The author uses the phrase “safe to say” in order to demonstrate that the idea is___.