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Linear (v) and angular ( )
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors
Torque vectors ( )
Displacement and
position vectors
Force vectors (F)
Force component vectors
Acceleration vectors (a)
Acceleration component vectors
Linear (p) and
angular (L)
momentum vectors
Linear or rotational
motion directions
Springs
Pulleys
Mechanics
Electricity and Magnetism
Light rays
Lenses and prisms
Mirrors
Objects
Images
Light and Optics
Electric fields
Magnetic fields
Positive charges
Negative charges
Resistors
Batteries and other
DC power supplies
Switches
Capacitors
Ground symbol
Current
AC Sources
Ammeters
Voltmeters
Inductors (coils)
V
A
+
–
– +
Pedagogical Color Chart
v
t
Some Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Valuea
Atomic mass unit u 1.660 538 86 (28) 1027 kg
931.494 043 (80) MeV/c2
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 141 5 (10) 1023 particles/mol
Bohr magneton 9.274 009 49 (80) 1024 J/T
Bohr radius 5.291 772 108 (18) 1011 m
Boltzmann’s constant 1.380 650 5 (24) 1023 J/K
Compton wavelength 2.426 310 238 (16) 1012 m
Coulomb constant 8.987 551 788 . . . 109 N m2/C2 (exact)
Deuteron mass md 3.343 583 35 (57) 1027 kg
2.013 553 212 70 (35) u
Electron mass me 9.109 382 6 (16) 1031 kg
5.485 799 094 5 (24) 104 u
0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 53 (14) 1019 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 53 (14) 1019 C
Gas constant R 8.314 472 (15) J/mol K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 2 (10) 1011 N m2/kg2
Josephson frequency–voltage ratio 4.835 978 79 (41) 1014 Hz/V
Magnetic flux quantum 2.067 833 72 (18) 1015 T m2
Neutron mass mn 1.674 927 28 (29) 1027 kg
1.008 664 915 60 (55) u
939.565 360 (81) MeV/c2
Nuclear magneton 5.050 783 43 (43) 1027 J/T
Permeability of free space m0 4p 107 T m/A (exact)
Permittivity of free space 8.854 187 817 . . . 1012 C2/N m2 (exact)
Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 3 (11) 1034 J s
1.054 571 68 (18) 1034 J s
Proton mass mp 1.672 621 71 (29) 1027 kg
1.007 276 466 88 (13) u
938.272 029 (80) MeV/c2
Rydberg constant RH 1.097 373 156 852 5 (73) 107 m1
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measure-
ments. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:
2002.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77:1, 2005.
a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
h
2p
P0
1
m 0c
2
mn
e
2mp
0
h
2e
2e
h
ke
1
4pP0
lC
h
mec
kB
R
NA
a0
2
mee
2ke
mB
e
2me
Solar System Data
Mean Radius Distance from
Body Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.18 1023 2.43 106 7.60 106 5.79 1010
Venus 4.88 1024 6.06 106 1.94 107 1.08 1011
Earth 5.98 1024 6.37 106 3.156 107 1.496 1011
Mars 6.42 1023 3.37 106 5.94 107 2.28 1011
Jupiter 1.90 1027 6.99 107 3.74 108 7.78 1011
Saturn 5.68 1026 5.85 107 9.35 108 1.43 1012
Uranus 8.68 1025 2.33 107 2.64 109 2.87 1012
Neptune 1.03 1026 2.21 107 5.22 109 4.50 1012
Plutoa 1.4 1022 1.5 106 7.82 109 5.91 1012
Moon 7.36 1022 1.74 106 — —
Sun 1.991 1030 6.96 108 — —
a In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight
planets. Pluto is now defined as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres).
Physical Data Often Used
Average Earth–Moon distance 3.84 108 m
Average Earth–Sun distance 1.496 1011 m
Average radius of the Earth 6.37 106 m
Density of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3
Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 103 kg/m3
Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s2
Mass of the Earth 5.98 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.36 1022 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 1030 kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1.013 105 Pa
Note: These values are the ones used in the text.
Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten
Power Prefix Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation
1024 yocto y 101 deka da
1021 zepto z 102 hecto h
1018 atto a 103 kilo k
1015 femto f 106 mega M
1012 pico p 109 giga G
109 nano n 1012 tera T
106 micro m 1015 peta P
103 milli m 1018 exa E
102 centi c 1021 zetta Z
101 deci d 1024 yotta Y
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PHYSICS
for Scientists and Engineers
with Modern Physics
Raymond A. Serway
Emeritus, James Madison University
John W. Jewett, Jr.
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Seventh Edition
PHYSICS
for Scientists and Engineers
with Modern Physics
Permissions Editors: Joohee Lee, Bob Kauser
Production Service: Lachina Publishing Services
Text Designer: Patrick Devine Design
Photo Researcher: Jane Sanders Miller
Copy Editor: Kathleen Lafferty
Illustrator: Rolin Graphics, Progressive Information
Technologies, Lachina Publishing Services
Cover Designer: Patrick Devine Design
Cover Image: Front: © 2005 Tony Dunn; Back: © 2005 Kurt
